zaterdag 1 juni 2024

Een rode lijn is net zoals alle andere grenzen: hij bestaat alleen als je hem handhaaft



Floor Rusman (f.rusman@nrc.nl) is redacteur van NRC

Een rode lijn is net zoals alle andere grenzen: hij bestaat alleen als je hem handhaaft

31-05-2024

Waarom zou je een rode lijn trekken om die daarna te negeren? Het is een veel gestelde vraag deze week, nu Israël Rafah is binnengevallen terwijl Biden zo’n inval in maart een ‘rode lijn’ had genoemd. Die rode lijn blijft hem nu achtervolgen. Na een bombardement bij een tentenkamp in Rafah, waarbij brand uitbrak en ruim veertig doden vielen, verklaarde Witte Huis-woordvoerder John Kirby op dinsdag dat hiermee geen rode lijn was overschreden. Rafah is namelijk niet met „grote hoeveelheden troepen in kolonnes en formaties” binnengevallen.

Deze formulering suggereert dat Biden heel precies had aangegeven wat zijn rode lijn behelsde. Maar was dat zo?

De oorspronkelijke ‘rode lijn’-uitspraak komt uit een interview met Biden op MNSBC, 10 maart. De interviewer vroeg of een invasie van Rafah een rode lijn was, en Biden antwoordde: „Dat is een rode lijn, maar ik zal Israël nooit laten vallen.” Hij vervolgde dat Israël zichzelf moest kunnen blijven verdedigen, maar dat er niet nóg eens 30.000 Gazaanse doden mochten vallen. Eerder, begin februari, had Biden al gezegd dat Rafah niet mocht worden binnengevallen als er geen veilig heenkomen was voor de meer dan een miljoen Gazanen die daar toen zaten. Maar hij noemde dat toen geen rode lijn.

Rode lijnen worden soms omgeven door grijze gebieden, schreef politicoloog Dan Altman in zijn proefschrift over dit onderwerp. Hij noemde vier manieren waarop die grijze gebieden kunnen ontstaan: als de rode lijn arbitrair, onprecies, onverifieerbaar of incompleet is. Biden liet in het MSNBC-interview een wel heel groot grijs gebied open. De rode lijn was zowel onprecies als incompleet: het was onduidelijk wat zou gelden als ‘een inval van Rafah’, en ook wat de consequenties zouden zijn als Israël de rode lijn overschreed.

Iets duidelijker was Biden twee maanden later, in een interview op CNN. Dit keer gebruikte hij niet de term rode lijn, maar zei hij wel welke consequenties een inval in Rafah zou hebben: „Ik heb duidelijk gemaakt dat als ze Rafah binnengaan, ik niet meer de wapens zal leveren die ze in het verleden in Rafah en andere steden hebben gebruikt.”

Sindsdien is het Israëlische leger met kleine stapjes Rafah binnengetrokken – een andere aanpak dan bij de grootschalige offensieven in Gaza-Stad en Khan Younis. De ‘salamitactiek’, noemde speltheoreticus Thomas Schelling deze strategie in zijn beroemde boek Arms and Influence (1966). Als je een salami in héél dunne plakjes snijdt, kun je hem bijna ongemerkt verorberen. Dat is ook hoe kinderen de grenzen van hun ouders overschrijden, schrijft Schelling: een kind dat niet in het water mag zwemmen, laat eerst zijn voeten erin bungelen, gaat daarna staan, en waadt dan traag het water in.

Wat de Amerikaanse regering nu doet, is eigenlijk het spiegelbeeld van de salamitactiek. De grens hoeft niet eens overschreden te worden: hij wordt door de grenstrekker zelf al stukje bij beetje verlegd. John Kirby voegde dinsdag met zijn „grote hoeveelheden troepen in kolonnes en formaties” nieuwe kenmerken toe aan de rode lijn, en nationale veiligheidsadviseur Jake Sullivan zei vorige week dat er „geen wiskundige formule” is om Israëls offensief te beoordelen. „We gaan kijken of de operatie leidt tot veel dood en vernietiging of dat ze meer precies en proportioneel is.” Hiermee maakte Sullivan de rode lijn niet alleen onprecies en incompleet, maar ook onverifieerbaar: het is moeilijk op afstand onmiddellijk vast te stellen of een aanval proportioneel is.

De gespiegelde salamitactiek is een vreemde variant, maar deze rode lijn is dan ook anders dan andere. Normaal gesproken communiceer je een rode lijn naar één tegenspeler, en bevat hij één kernboodschap. Dit keer heeft de rode lijn twee ontvangers: enerzijds Netanyahu, en anderzijds de internationale gemeenschap, die vraagt om het respecteren van het internationaal humanitair recht. Ook heeft hij twee kernboodschappen: Biden legt Netanyahu grenzen op, maar belooft ook hem nooit te laten vallen.

Zo veel dingen tegelijk communiceren kan niet. Een rode lijn is net zoals alle andere grenzen: hij bestaat alleen als je hem handhaaft. Daarvoor moet je consequenties willen trekken, ook al bevallen die je niet. Stel dat je tegen je partner zegt: „Als je nog één keer X doet, ga ik bij je weg.” Dan moet je bereid zijn daadwerkelijk je koffers te pakken. Je kunt niet zeggen: „Ik accepteer X niet, maar wat je ook doet, ik blijf je eeuwig trouw.” Dan sta je met je rug tegen de muur.

Ook Biden heeft zichzelf met zijn rug tegen de muur gezet, hoezeer hij ook probeert er omheen te praten. Hij kan niet eeuwig trouw blijven aan Netanyahu én aan het internationaal recht, want de twee staan haaks op elkaar.

Floor Rusmans


https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2024/05/31/een-rode-lijn-in-een-grijs-gebied-a4200673

m

an@nrc.nl) is redacteur van NRC

Luke Akehurst: who is Labour activist turned controversial candidate?



Luke Akehurst: who is Labour activist turned controversial candidate?

Described by critics as on the Labour right, 

Akehurst’s defence of Israel’s actions in Gaza has upset many in party and without


During the Jeremy Corbyn era, some of the leftwing leader’s fiercest critics gave up and left the Labour party: not so Luke Akehurst.

Behind the scenes, Akehurst was doing what he has been doing since he was a 16-year-old political activist – organising to get his wing of Labour back on the front foot and later to help cement Keir Starmer’s control over the party.

“In 2018, there were not many of us in the proverbial trench,” says one Labour activist of that time.

Six years on, Akehurst is one of Labour’s newest candidates, standing for North Durham among a slate of many party officials and aides parachuted into safe seats with just weeks to go before the election.

Akehurst is, though, particularly controversial – even something of a hate figure – for some on the left, both inside and outside Labour. While Akehurst and his allies term themselves “the moderates”, their opponents would call them “the Labour right”.

Some of the antagonism comes from Akehurst’s job as the director of an organisation called We Believe In Israel, which he runs as a non-Jewish committed Zionist. In this role, he has stridently defended Israel’s actions in Gaza as proportionate, and has campaigned to stand in solidarity with Israel – a view not widely shared across Labour.

Momentum, the leftwing group that grew out of Corbyn’s leadership, described his views on the conflict as “a slap in the face to voters across the country already outraged by Labour’s failings on Gaza” and argued he was “not fit to be a candidate”.

A former colleague who has worked closely with Akehurst said: “Ultimately, why he is hated by some is that he is proud of his beliefs, and he argues them, as well as the Israel connection. He is a believer in, and a friend of, Israel.”

Other criticism is directed towards him for his efforts to wrest control of Labour’s national executive committee, conference agenda and constituency Labour parties from the Corbynite left. He now sits on the NEC, which is helping to select candidates for the coming election.

Akehurst’s history of punchy engagement on social media and his Labour-focused blogs may also be a factor. Since his announcement as a candidate, he has defended comments saying that the UN was antisemitic, and that Jews were “politically black”.

“One of the things that’s interesting about Luke’s reputation is that he’s much nicer than the internet thinks he will be,” the colleague says. “People who don’t like him turn up to have a row with him, and find a really nice guy.”

Now 52, Akehurst delivered his first Labour leaflets aged 10 for his mother when she was standing to be a parish councillor. He joined as a member at 16, before becoming the national secretary of Labour Students, and later an agent for Frank Dobson, the late former Labour MP and health secretary. He stood unsuccessfully for the party in Hampshire and Essex during the Blair years.

Akehurst also crossed swords with the left of the party in Hackney, the east London seat of Diane Abbott, where he served as a Labour councillor for 12 years from 2002. There has been speculation that this is ideally where he would have sought a seat, had it become available. But his political career was stymied in 2010 when he developed a neurological disorder and spent five months in hospital followed by a further nine months in a wheelchair. He now uses a walking stick.

In the years that followed, while the party was in opposition, Akehurst turned back to organising through Labour First, a group set up by the MP John Spellar, who says its aim was to “roll back the takeover of the party by extremists, particularly the Leninist left who made Labour unelectable” in the 1980s. Akehurst became its secretary, and stayed in that role as the group played a part in organising against Corbynism in Labour.

Akehurst’s candidacy is “enormously deserved”, says Spellar. “He’s very much a force of nature in terms of helping people around the country, and played a very considerable role in the recovery of the Labour party. Luke has been an incredible organiser for the moderate cause in the party and on the national executive.”

As Starmer took over as leader, Labour First joined forces with another organisation, Progress, to form an umbrella group called Labour to Win, dedicated to bringing the party to power.

Sources say it was Akehurst, armed with a spreadsheet of 650 constituency party names and details of their delegates, who helped deliver the 2021 rule changes at party conference that shut the left of the party further out of power.

Despite his reputation as an organising linchpin for the new leadership, Akehurst is not personally close to Starmer, with the two men only having spoken substantially once or twice. He does have allies in the leadership office, with Matt Pound, one of the key officials involved in seat selections, having worked with him as an organiser at Labour First.

If he becomes an MP as expected, Akehurst is likely to be well known by force of his personality and organising power, those who know him say. One says: “He loves a spreadsheet and backroom plotting. I’d have thought he’s destined for the whips’ office.”

https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/may/31/luke-akehurst-labour-activist-turned-controversial-election-candidate

vrijdag 31 mei 2024

Dutch MPs call for inquiry into reports Israel spied on ICC lawyers

 


Dutch MPs call for inquiry into reports Israel spied on ICC lawyers

MPs say Netherlands has responsibility as international criminal court’s host and demand government holds Israel to account

The Dutch government is under pressure to hold Israel to account for spying on and intimidating lawyers at the international criminal court, which is based in The Hague, with local parliamentarians calling for an independent investigation.

An investigation published this week by the Guardian and the Israeli-based magazines +972 and Local Call found that Israel used its intelligence agencies to surveil, hack, pressure, smear and allegedly threaten senior staff at the ICC to try to derail inquiries.

The campaign was ultimately unsuccessful as this month the ICC prosecutor’s office requested arrest warrants for Israel’s prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, and defence minister, Yoav Gallant, as well as three Hamas leaders, for alleged war crimes.

Citing the Guardian’s investigation, Dutch MPs from the liberal-progressive D66 and Green-Labour alliance have condemned the alleged activities and called for more information on what the Dutch state knows about it, and an independent investigation.

Kati Piri, an MP in the Green-Labour alliance, submitted a series of written questions to the Dutch justice, home and foreign affairs ministers on Wednesday saying the Netherlands had a “special responsibility to protect court employees and people who [want to] bear witness to war crimes”.

She called for an investigation into whether the Israeli embassy was involved and condemned the actions “described in the Guardian as unacceptable and a serious breach of article 70 of the Rome statute” – offences against the administration of justice in the ICC’s founding treaty.

In an interview conducted after submitting the questions, Piri said: “The claims are extremely serious: intimidation here in The Hague for years and pressure for the past few months on chief prosecutor [Karim] Khan. The Netherlands has a special responsibility as host country of the ICC to make sure that the court can function independently and that its employees are free of this kind of intimidation.”

She said suggestions that the former chief prosecutor Fatou Bensouda had reported intimidation to intelligence services should be familiar to the Netherlands’ incoming prime minister, Dick Schoof, a former head of the AIVD security service. “If this was already known in 2015 and it appears that right up until today these kind of spying and intimidation practices are continuing, what is the Netherlands doing about it?” she asked.

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“When espionage was discovered previously in The Hague, for example, by the Russians at the OPCW [Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons] in 2018, the Netherlands immediately put embassy employees who were involved out of the country. If we are sure that the embassy or members of the Israeli embassy here in Den Haag were involved then there must be consequences.”

She pointed out that the Netherlands also responded strongly when Donald Trump’s US government imposed sanctions on the ICC and some of its staff in 2020 owing to its investigation into possible war crimes by US soldiers in Afghanistan.

“The Netherlands was very openly very angry, not just in diplomatic channels,” she said. “I expect that this government – now that it is about Israel, normally an ally of the Netherlands – should stand up just as firmly for the work of the ICC, the working of international law, and also for the complainants, the employees and the witnesses who [the Guardian] said have been so intimidated that they no longer dare to give testimony of war crimes at the international court.”

Jan Paternotte, D66’s foreign affairs spokesperson, has also submitted formal questions to ministers, calling for an independent investigation and saying D66 believes the alleged intimidation is a “gross attack on the international legal order”.

A spokesperson for the foreign affairs ministry said the three ministries had not yet seen the formal questions, which ministers have two weeks to answer. A spokesperson for the ICC has been contacted.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/31/dutch-mps-call-for-inquiry-into-reports-israel-spied-on-icc-lawyers